COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING ANALYSIS OF ALGERIAN HOTELS WITH THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP): THE USE OF PERFORMANCE GAP
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the performance of Algerian hotels using competitive benchmarking and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, considering various service quality criteria based on the SERVQUAL model. The research explores the most crucial hotel selection factors from the perspective of Algerian customers and identifies potential service quality improvement areas for hotel managers. The study employs the AHP method to prioritize and rank hotel selection criteria based on hotel managers’ preferences. A competitive benchmarking analysis was conducted by comparing the performance of Algerian four-star and five-star hotels against a global benchmark five-star hotel. The analysis considered 20 sub-criteria categorized under the five SERVQUAL dimensions: Tangibility, Reliability, Assurance, Empathy, and Responsiveness. The results reveal that Algerian customers prioritize factors such as employee behavior, hotel security, flexible check-in/check-out times, and first aid services. Surprisingly, price is considered a less important criterion compared to findings from previous studies. The competitive benchmarking analysis identifies performance gaps between hotels, with the five-star Marriott Constantine Hotel emerging as the service leader. Practical implications and strategic recommendations for hotel managers are provided to address identified service quality gaps. This study contributes to the hospitality literature by applying competitive benchmarking and the AHP method to evaluate hotel service quality in the Algerian context. The research provides valuable insights into Algerian customers’ preferences and offers practical recommendations for hotel managers to enhance service quality and competitiveness.
How to Cite
Downloads
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
AHP, Benchmarking, hotel industry, SERVQUAL, performance gap
Alzoubi, H. M., Vij, M., Vij, A., & Hanaysha, J. R. (2021). What leads guests to satisfaction and loyalty in UAE five-star hotels? AHP analysis to service quality dimensions. Enlightening Tourism, 11(1), 102–135. https://doi.org/10.33776/et.v11i1.5056
Ananth, M., DeMicco, F.J., Moreo, P.J. & Howey, R.M. (1992). Marketplace lodging needs of mature travellers. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 33(4), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049203300403
Anand, L., Gupta, S., & Gupta, S. (2023). Prioritising the requisite skills possessed by revenue managers of the hospitality industry: an analytic hierarchy process approach. International Journal of Revenue Management, 13(3), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRM.2023.130745
Antonić, J. J., Matković, I., & Kaštelan, K. (2019). Evaluation of hotel companies owning five-star hotels in Primorsko-Goranska county (Croatia) using the Multi-Criteria Approach. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 26(3), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0018
Assaf A. G., Tsionas M. (2018). Measuring hotel performance: Toward more rigorous evidence in both scope and methods. Tourism Management, 69, 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.008
Augustyn, M. M., & Seakhoa-King, A. (2004). Is the servqual scale an adequate measure of quality in leisure, tourism and hospitality? Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 1, 3–24. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1745-3542(04)01001-X
Bakar, E. M. N., Ku-Mahamud, K. R., & Mohamed, M. (2015). Competitive benchmarking of hotels’ service quality using analytic hierarchy process. Proceedings of the Business Management International Conference Chonburi, Thailand. Burapha University
Barsky, J. D. & Labagh, R. (1992). A strategy for customer satisfaction. Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly 33(5), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049203300524
Baruca, P.Z.& Civre, Z (2012). How do guests choose a hotel? Academica Turistica, 5(1), 75-84.
Bhattacharya, P. Mukhopadhyay, A. ,Saha, A. et al. (2023), Perception-satisfaction based quality assessment of tourism and hospitality services in the Himalayan region: An application of AHP-SERVQUAL approach on Sandakphu Trail, West Bengal, India, International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(2), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.04.001
Bilgihan, A., Seo, S., & Choi, J. (2018). Identifying restaurant satisfiers and dissatisfiers: Suggestions from online reviews. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(5), 601-625.
Boulding, W., Kalra, A., Staelin, R., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1993). A dynamic process model of service quality: from expectations to behavioral intentions. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), 7–27.
Büyüközkan, G., Çifçi, G., & Güleryüz, S. (2011). Strategic analysis of healthcare service quality using fuzzy AHP methodology. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(8), 9407–9424.
Chan, E. & Wong, S. (2006). Hotel selection: When price is not the issue. Journal of Vocation Marketing, 12(2), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766706062154
Chan, W. W., Yueng, S., Chan, E., & Li, D. (2013). Hotel heat pump hot water systems: Impact assessment and analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(3), 428–446. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111311311053
Chen, F. H., T. S. Hsu, G. H. Tzeng (2011) A balanced scorecard approach to establish a performance evaluation and relationship model for hot spring hotels based on a hybrid MCDM model combining DEMATEL and ANP. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 908-932
Chen, Y.-C., Lee, C.-S., Hsu, Y.-C., & Chen, Y.-J. (2021). Why is green hotel certification unpopular in Taiwan? An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(4), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040255
Chung, K.-C. (2015). Applying analytical hierarchy process to supplier selection and evaluation in the hospitality industry: A multiobjective approach. Acta Oeconomica, 65, 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1556/032.65.2015.S2.23
Choosrichom, J. (2011). Factors influencing the selection of hotel/resorts in Landa Yai Island, Krabi, Thailand by International Travelers. [Master Thesis, Silpakorn University, Program of Hotel and Tourism Management].
Chow, K., Garretson, J. &Kurtz, D. (1995). An exploratory study into the purchase decision process used by leisure travelers in hotel selection. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 2(4), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1300/j150v02n04_05
Chu, R.K.S. & Choi, T. (2000). An importance-performance analysis of hotel selection factors in the Hong Kong hotel industry: a comparison of business and leisure travelers. Tourism Management, 21(4), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(99)00070-9
Cronin, J. J., & Taylor, S. A. (1992). Measuring service quality: A reexamination and extension. Journal of Marketing, 56(3), 55–68.
Dolnicar, S., & Otter, T. (2003). Which hotel attributes matter? A review of previous and a framework for further research. In T. Griffin, & R. Harris (Eds.), Asia Pacific Tourism Association 9th Annual Conference, Sydney, Australia (pp.176-188).
Espino-Rodrıiguez, T., V. Padrón-Robaina (2005). A resource-based view of outsourcing and its implications for organizational performance in the hotel sector. Tourism Management, 26, 707-721
Fang, H., Ou, Y. & Fu, T. (2023). An online statistical analysis of the hotel management and operation performance model. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 8(2), 1191–1208. https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2021.2.00241
Felix T.S. Chan and H.K. Chan Henry C.W. Lau Ralph W.L. Ip, (2006). An AHP approach in benchmarking logistics performance of the postal industry, Benchmarking: An International Journal, 13(6), 636–661 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770610709031
Fitzgerald, L., Johnston, R., Brignall, S., Silvestro, R. and Voss, C. (1991). Performance measurement in service business, CIMA, UK. Management Accounting, 69(10), 34-36.
Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-21.
Fu, H.-P., Chu, K.-K., Chao, P., Lee, H.-H., & Liao, Y.-C. (2011). Using fuzzy AHP and VIKOR for benchmarking analysis in the hotel industry. Service Industries Journal, 31(14), 2373–2389. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2010.503874
Fu, Y.-K., & Chen, Y.-J. (2019). An evaluation model for island tourism competitiveness: Empirical study on Penghu Islands. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(5), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2288
Furey, T.R. (1987). Benchmarking: the key to developing competitive advantage in mature markets, Planning Review, 15(5), 30-32.
Gil-Lafuente, A. M., Merigó, J. M., & Vizuete, E. (2014). Analysis of luxury resort hotels by using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Fuzzy Delphi Method. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 27(1), 244–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.952106
Göral, R. (2020). Prioritizing the factors which affect the selection of hotels by consumers traveling for vacation with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 7(1), 11–31.
Gupta, N., & Lee, S. H. (2023). Trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy analytical hierarchy process technique for biophilic element/design selection in lodging industry. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 74(7), 1613–1627. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2022.2102943
Haktanir, M., P. Harris (2005) Performance measurement practice in an independent hotel context: A case study approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(1), 39–50.
Haque M. I.(2013). Assessing the adequacy of SERVQUAL dimensions in retail banking. International Journal of Academic Research Part B, 5(4), 99–104. https://doi.org.10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-4/B.14
Hsiao, T.-Y., Tsai, H.-Y., Lockyer, T., Sung, P.-L., & Kuo, S.-Y. (2018). Factors for development of bed and breakfast management in Taiwan. Anatolia, 29(3), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2018.1430043
Hsu, D. I., Nguyen, M., Nguyen, L., Law, A., & Wong-Beringer, A. (2010). A multicentre study to evaluate the impact of timing of caspofungin administration on outcomes of invasive candidiasis in non-immunocompromised adult patients. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 65(8), 1765-1770.
Hsieh, L.F., Lin, L.H. & Lin, Y.Y. (2008). A service quality management architecture for hot spring hotels in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 29, 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.009
Jabar, A., Kamal, S., Kamal, T., & Top, C. (2019). Benchmarking hotels: Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Economics and Commerce, 7(6), 82–94.
Jabeen, F., al Zaidi, S., & al Dhaheri, M. H. (2022). Automation and artificial intelligence in hospitality and tourism. Tourism Review, 77(4), 1043–1061. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2019-0360
Jeou-Shyan, H., Hsuan, H., Chih-Hsing, L., Lin, L., & Chang-Yen, T. (2011). Competency analysis of top managers in the Taiwanese hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1044–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.012
Juan, P.-J., & Lin, S.-Y. (2011). Developing an estimation model for resort type selection. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 12(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2010.541832
Jones, P & Chen, M.M. (2011). Factors determining hotel selection: Online behaviour by leisure travellers. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.20
Kano, N., Seraku, N., Takahashi, F., & Tsuji, S. (1984). Attractive quality and must-be quality. Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control, 14(2), 39–48.
Kaluthanthri, P., & Osmadi, A. (2020). Performance dimensions of Sri Lankan hotel industry. Planning Malaysia, 18(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i11.715
King Fung Wong A., Kim S., Lee S. & Elliot S. (2021). An application of Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process in understanding hotel corporate social responsibility performance scale, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1153–1179, https://doi.org.10.1080/09669582.2020.1773835
Kim, J., Jang, S., Kang, S., & Kim, S. J. (2020). Why are hotel room prices different? Exploring spatially varying relationships between room price and hotel attributes. Journal of Business Research, 107, 118-129.
Kürüm Varolgüneş, F., Canan, F., del Río-Rama, M. C., & Oliveira, C. (2021). Design of a thermal hotel based on ahp-qfd methodology. Water (Switzerland), 13(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152109
Liao, H., Yang, S., Zavadskas, E. K., & Škare, M. (2023). An overview of fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods in hospitality and tourism industries: bibliometrics, methodologies, applications and future directions. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2150871
Lin, C.-T., & Wu, C.-S. (2008). Selecting a marketing strategy for private hotels in Taiwan using the analytic hierarchy process. Service Industries Journal, 28(8), 1077–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060802187991
Liu, Y.-L., & Ko, P.-F. (2018). A modified EFQM Excellence Model for effective evaluation in the hotel industry. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 29(13–14), 1580–1593. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2017.1279011
Liu, J. N., & Zhang, E. Y. (2014). An investigation of factors affecting customer selection of online hotel booking channels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 39, 71-83.
Lockyer, T. (2000). A New Zealand investigation into the factors influencing consumers’ selection of business hotel accommodation. Australian Journal of Hospitality Management, 7(2), 11-23.
Lockyer, T. (2002). Business guests’ accommodation selection: The view from both sides. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14(6), 294-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596110210436832
Lockyer, T. (2005). The perceived importance of price as one hotel selection dimension. Tourism Management, 26(4), 529-537.
López-Cadavid, D. A., Restrepo-Morales, J. A., Vanegas-López, J. G., & Arango-Mesa, M. A. (2024). Adaptation strategies of the Colombian hotel industry during the pandemic | Estrategias de adaptación de la hotelería colombiana ante la pandemia. Apuntes Del Cenes, 43(77), 103–130. https://doi.org/10.19053/UPTC.01203053.V43.N77.2024.16500
Lupo, T. (2013). A fuzzy ServQual based method for reliable measurements of education quality in Italian higher education area. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(17), 7096–7110.
Mahdi, A., & Esztergár-Kiss, D. (2021). Analysis of the effective factors for hotel selection by using the Fuzzy AHP method. Industry 4.0, 6(2), 79–82.
Mardani, A., Jusoh, A., Zavadskas, E. K., Zakuan, N., Valipour, A., & Kazemilari, M. (2016). Proposing a new hierarchical framework for the evaluation of quality management practices: a new combined fuzzy hybrid MCDM approach. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1061589
Min, H., & Min, H. (1996). Competitive benchmarking of Korean luxury hotels using the analytic hierarchy process and competitive gap analysis. Journal of Services Marketing, 10(3), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049610119794
Min, H., & Min, H. (1997). Benchmarking the quality of hotel services: Managerial perspectives. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 14(6), 582–597. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656719710186209
Monteson, P., & Singer, J. (1992). Turn your spa into a winner. Cornell Hotel and Motel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 33(3), 37–44
Naletova, V. (2017). How travelers choose accommodation online. [Bachelor’s Thesis, HAAGA-HELIA, University of Applied Sciences, Finland, Degree Program in Tourism.
Nassar, M. (2012). Exploring current benchmarking practices in the Egyptian hotel sector. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 19(6), 730-742.
Navarro, S., Garzón, D., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2015). Co-creation in hotel-disable customer interactions. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1630–1634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.02.007
Nguyen, P.-H. (2021). A Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) based on SERVQUAL for hotel service quality management: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 1101–1109. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no2.1101
Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2016a). Algeria holds clear potential as tourist destination despite challenges. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports
Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2016b). As tourism grows, hospitality training becomes vital in Algeria. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports
Oxford Business group (OBG). (2018). Long-term plans to improve Algeria's hotel market. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports.
Pan, W., Dainty, A. R., & Gibb, A. G. (2012). Establishing and weighting decision criteria for building system selection in housing construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(11), 1239-1250.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implication for future research, Journal of Marketing, 49, 41–50.
Phillips P. and Appiah-Adu, K., (1998), Benchmarking to improve the strategic planning process in the hotel sector, The Service Industries Journal, 18(1), 1–17.
Pulina M., Detotto C., Paba A. (2010). An investigation into the relationship between size and efficiency of the Italian hospitality sector: A window DEA approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 204(3), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.11.006
Rahman, M., Islam, R., Wan Husain, W. R., & Ahmad, K. (2019). Developing a hierarchical model to enhance business excellence in hotel industry of Bangladesh. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1836–1856. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2018-0110
Ramanathan, R. (2012). An exploratory study of marketing, physical and people related performance criteria in hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(1), 44-61.
Rauch, D. A., Collins, M. D., Nale, R. D., & Barr, P. B. (2015). Measuring service quality in mid-scale hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 87-106.
Richard, A.& Jeong, M.(2016). Factors influencing consumer choice in hotel selection in Ghana. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4(11), 564-582.
Rivers, M.J., Toh, R.S. & Alaoui, M. (1991). Frequent-stayer programs: the demographic, behavioural, and attitudinal characteristics of hotel steady sleepers. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759103000209
Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sainaghi R., Phillips P., Zavarrone E. (2017). Performance measurement in tourism firms: A content analytical meta-approach. Tourism Management, 59, 36–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.002
Singh A. & Prasher, A. (2017). Measuring healthcare service quality from patients’ perspective: using fuzzy AHP application. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 30(3-4), 284-300. https://doi.org.10.1080/14783363.2017.1302794
Sohrabi, B., Vanani, R.I., Tahmasebipur, K. &Fazli, S. (2012). An exploratory analysis of hotel selection factors: A comprehensive survey of Tehran hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.002
Soulidou, A. K., Karavasilis, G. I., Vrana, V. G., Kehris, E. C., Theocharidis, A. I. T., & Azaria, A. H. (2018). Factors affecting hotel selection: Greek Customers' perception. Tourman Conference Proceedings, Rhodes, Greece, 90-97.
Stefano, N.M., Casarotto Filho N., Barichello, N. Sohn, A.P. (2015). A Fuzzy SERVQUAL based method for evaluated of service quality in the hotel industry. Procedia CIRP, 30, 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.140
Vanegas-López, J. G., López-Cadavid, D. A., Mathew, M., Vo-Thanh, T., Restrepo-Morales, J. A., & Sthapit, E. (2024). Bounce-back strategies: Revitalizing the hotel industry post-pandemic. Tourism and Hospitality Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584241277019
Von Oertzen, L. (2017). Generation Y travelers’ hotel consideration: the impact of travel mode and reference room price. [Bachelor thesis, Modul Vienna University].
Wang, L., Wang, X. K., Peng, J. J., & Wang, J. Q. (2020). The differences in hotel selection among various types of travellers: A comparative analysis with a useful bounded rationality behavioural decision support model. Tourism Management, 76, 103961.
Weaver, P. A. & Heung, C. O. (1993). Do American business travellers have different hotel service requirements? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 5(3), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596119310040525
Wind, Y. and Saaty, T.L. (1980) Marketing Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Management Science, 26, 641-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.26.7.641
Wong, A. K. F., Kim, S., Lee, S., & Elliot, S. (2021). An application of Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process in understanding hotel corporate social responsibility performance scale. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1153–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1773835
Wu, F.-G., Lee, Y.-J., & Lin, M.-C. (2004). Using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process on optimum spatial allocation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 33(6), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2004.01.002
Yasin, M.M. and Zimmerer, W.T., (1995). The role of benchmarking in achieving continuous service quality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7(4), 27-32.
Yavas, U. & Babacus, E. (2005). Dimensions of hotel choice criteria: congruence between business and leisure travelers. Hospitality Management, 24, 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.09.003
Zahedi, F. (1989), The analytic hierarchy process – a survey of the method and its applications, Interfaces, 16(4), 96-108.
Zaman, M., Vo-Thanh, T., Hasan, R., Shams, S. M. R., & Vukovic, D. B. (2022). How can hotels create sustainable competitive advantages? A resource-based view. Journal of Strategic Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2022.2066558
Zhu, J. (2008). Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: Data Envelopment Analysis with spreadsheets, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Springer.
Zigan K., Zeglat D. (2010). Intangible resources in performance measurement systems of the hotel industry, Facilities Review, 28(13/14) 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632771011083667
Copyright of all articles published in IJAHP is transferred to Creative Decisions Foundation (CDF). However, the author(s) reserve the following:
- All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
- The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain permission from CDF as well. However, CDF may grant rights with respect to journal issues as a whole.
- The right to use all or parts of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, textbooks, or reprint books.
- The authors affirm that the article has been neither copyrighted nor published, that it is not being submitted for publication elsewhere, and that if the work is officially sponsored, it has been released for open publication.
The only exception to the statements in the paragraph above is the following: If an article published in IJAHP contains copyrighted material, such as a teaching case, as an appendix, then the copyright (and all commercial rights) of such material remains with the original copyright holder.
CDF will receive permission for publication of copyrighted material in IJAHP. This permission is not transferable to third parties. Permission to make electronic and paper copies of part or all of the articles, including all computer files that are linked to the articles, for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage.
This permission does not apply to previously copyrighted material, such as teaching cases. In paper copies of the article, the copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date should be visible. To copy otherwise is permitted provided that a per-copy fee is paid.
To republish, to post on servers, or redistribute to lists requires that you post a link to the IJAHP article, which is available in open access delivery mode. Do not upload the article itself.
Authors are permitted to present a talk, based on a paper submitted to or accepted by IJAHP, at a conference where the paper would not be published in a copyrighted publication either before or after the conference and where the author did not assign copyright to the conference or related publisher.