DECISION SUPPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR MALAYSIAN BAUXITE MINING INDUSTRY USING ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS
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Published
May 19, 2021
Rafikul Islam
Nagendran Periaiah
Muhammad Faris Abdullah
Abstract
The mining industry plays an important role in the economic development of Malaysia. However, uncontrolled mining activities have caused serious environmental impacts. Recently, bauxite mining in Kuantan, in the state of Pahang, stained fifteen kilometers of Pahang’s coastline with red arsenic particles and heavy metal pollution washed from open-pit bauxite mines into the nearby sea. This has caused potentially catastrophic damages to the ecosystem off the coast of Pahang. This triggered the Government of Malaysia to issue a temporary ban on bauxite mining while the state government engaged in expensive clean-up. Mining activities require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental decisions are complex and multidisciplinary including knowledge bases which incorporate natural, physical, and social sciences, politics, and ethics. This research proposes a decision support framework that uses the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to help decision makers in EIA pertaining to the bauxite mining industry.
How to Cite
Islam, R., Periaiah, N. ., & Abdullah, M. F. . (2021). DECISION SUPPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR MALAYSIAN BAUXITE MINING INDUSTRY USING ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS. International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v13i1.851
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Keywords
Bauxite mining; environmental pollution; Environmental Impact Assessment; Decision Making; Analytic Network Process
References
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Aminu, M., Matori, A. N., Yusof, K. W., Malakahmad, A., & Zainol, R. B. (2017). Analytic network process (ANP)-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) for sustainable tourism planning in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Arab Journal of Geoscience, 10(286), 1-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3067-0
Asadabadi, M. R., Chang, E., & Saberi, M. (2019). Are MCDM methods useful? A critical review of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Cogent Engineering, 6(1), 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1623153
Ataei, M., Asr, E. T., Khalokakaie, R., Ghanbari, K., & Mohammadi, M. R. T. (2016). Semi-quantitative environmental impact assessment and sustainability level determination of coal mining using a mathematical model. Journal of Mining & Environment, 7(2), 185-193.
Beltran, P. A., Melon, M. G., & Valera, J. M. (2017). How to assess stakeholders' in?uence in project management? A proposal based on the Analytic Network Process International Journal of Project Management, 35(3), 451-462. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.01.001
Bond, A., & Morrison, A. S. (2018). Environmental impact assessment and the quest for sustainable mining (Vol. Part 2). New York: Routledge.
Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Mining industry and sustainable development: time for change. Food and Energy Security, 6(2), 61-77.
CMO. (2016). Bauxite in Malaysia: Will the ban bring relief? by Clean Malaysia Organization (CMO). Retrieved on: December 11, 2020, from http://cleanmalaysia.com/2016/01/26
Daim, N. (2019). 6-month trial period for new Bauxite mining SOP. New Straits Times. Retrieved on: January 17, 2021, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/11/535940/6-month-trial-period-new-bauxite-mining-sop
Dell'Anna, F., Bottero, M., Becchio, C., Corgnati, S.P., & Mondini, G. (2020). Designing a decision support system to evaluate the environmental and extra-economic performances of a nearly zero-energy building. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(4), 413-442. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-09-2019-0121
DOE. (2016). EIA Order 2015 by Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia. Retrieved on: August 26, 2020, from https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en
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Faradiella, M. K., Rahman, M. S. A., Madzin, Z., Jusop, S., Yusuff, F. M., & Ariffin, M. (2016). The occurrence and potential ecological risk assessment of bauxite mine-impacted water and sediments in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 24(1), 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7814-7
Garcia, L. C., Ribeiro, D. B., Roque, F. D. O., & Quintero, J. M. O. (2016). Brazil's worst mining disaster: corporations must be compelled to pay the actual environmental costs. Ecological Applications, 27(1), 5-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1461
Hadiwijaya, N. A., Hamdani, H., Syafrianto, A., & Tanjung, Z. (2018). The decision model for selection of tourism site using analytic network process method. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications, 9(September), 23-31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2018.09.03
Hamida, A., Alsudairi, A., Alshaibani, K., & Alshamrani, O. (2020). Environmental impacts cost assessment model of residential building using an artificial neural network. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-06-2020-0450
Harun, N., & Samat, N. (2016). GIS-based multicriteria evaluation approach in planning tourism development sites in environmentally sensitive areas. SHS Web of Conferences, 23(02001), 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162302001
Huang, I. B., Keisler, J., & Linkov, I. (2011). Multi-criteria decision analysis in environmental sciences: Ten years of applications and trends. Science of the Total Environment, 409(1), 3578–3594. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.022
Jain, R. K., Cui, Z. C., & Domen, J. K. (2016). Environmental impact of mining and mineral processing. Oxford, UK Butterworth-Heinemann.
Jamal, A., Yadav, H. L., & Pandey, S. S. (2015). Heavy metals from acid mine drainage in coal mines-a case study. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2(8), 16-20.
JMG. (2018). Malaysian Minerals Production for 2016 by Minerals and Geoscience Department (JMG) Malaysia. Retrieved on: October 22, 2019, from http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/malaysia-minerals-production Doi: https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm51200501
Kadoic, N., Divjak, B., & Redep, N. B. (2019). Integrating the DEMATEL with the analytic network process for effective decision-making. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 27(3), 653–678. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-018-0601-4
Kaya, T., & Kahraman, C. (2011). An integrated fuzzy AHP–ELECTRE methodology for environmental impact assessment. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(7), 8553-8562. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.01.057
Kheybari, S., Rezaie, F. M., & Farazmand, H. (2020). Analytic network process: An overview of applications. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 367(February), 124780. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2019.124780
Lee, K. Y., Ho, L. Y., Tan, K. H., Tham, Y. Y., Ling, S. P., Qureshi, A. M., . . . Nordin, R. (2017). Environmental and occupational health impact of bauxite mining in Malaysia: a review. International Medical Journal Malaysia, 16(2), 137-150.
Leena, S., Thomas, E., Elena, K., Korchak, E., Vigdis, N., & Gregory, A. P. (2017). Social impacts of the “glocal” mining business: case studies from Northern Europe. Mineral Economics, 30(1), 31-39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-016-0092-5
Leonard, L. (2017). Examining environmental impact assessments and participation: the case of mining development in Dullstroom, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 19(1), 1750002(1-25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/s1464333217500028
Liu, K. F. R., & Lai, J.-H. (2009). Decision-support for environmental impact assessment: A hybrid approach using fuzzy logic and fuzzy analytic network process. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 5119-5136. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.06.045
Lodhia, S. K. (Ed.) (2018). Mining and sustainable development. New York: Routledge.
Louw, L. (2018). Addressing critical water and waste issues in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): the case of coal mining in South Africa. (Masters in Environmental Management). North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. (22142762).
Mahmud, A. R. (2016). Guideline on Environmental Impact Assessment in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia
Malaysiakini. (2019). Kuantan MP wants ministry to disclose SOP on Bauxite mining. Malaysiakini. Retrieved On: January 2020, from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/464783
MCOM. (2017). Malaysian Chamber of Mines (MCOM). Retrieved on: April 5, 2018 from http://malaysianminerals.com
Povera, A. (2019). Bauxite SOP finalised, enforcement starts today. New Straits Times. Retrieved on: January 17, 2020, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/518862/bauxite-sop-finalised-enforcement-starts-today-nsttv
Rohan, J. L., & Samant, J. S. (2012). Studies on the impact of bauxite mining activities on environment in Kolhapur district. Paper presented at the Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012, Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.14.4.16069
Saaty, T. L. (2005). Theory and applications of the analytic network process: decision making with benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks. Pittsburgh: RWS Publications.
Saffari, A., Ataei, M., Sereshki, F., & Naderi, M. (2019). Environmental impact assessment (EIA) by using the Fuzzy Delphi Folchi (FDF) method (case study: Shahrood cement plant, Iran). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(2), 817-860. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0063-1
Samah, M. A. A., Manaf, L. A., & Zukki, N. l. M. (2010). Application of AHP model for evaluation of solid waste treatment technology. International Journal of Engineering Techsci, 1(1), 35-40.
Sarupria, M., Manjare, S. D., & Girap, M. (2019). Environmental impact assessment studies for mining area in Goa, India, using the new approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(1), 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7135-z
Skuta, R., Kucerova, R., Pavelek, Z., & Dirner, V. (2017). Assessment of mining activities with respect to the environmental protection. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 22(1), 79-93.
Solbar, L., & Keskitalo, E. C. H. (2017). A role for authority supervision in impact assessment? Examples from Finnish EIA reviews. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 8(1), 52-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v8.661
Spiegel, S. J. (2017). EIAs, power and political ecology: Situating resource struggles and the techno-politics of small-scale mining. Geoforum, 87(December), 95-107. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.010
Thorpe, C. (2015). Lateritic plateaus in the Northern Western Ghats, India; a review of bauxite mining restoration practices. Journal of the Ecological Society, Special Section: Rocky Plateaus, 25-44.
Tian, W., Bai, J., Sun, H., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Application of the analytic hierarchy process to a sustainability assessment of coastal beach exploitation: a case study of the wind power projects on the coastal beaches of Yancheng, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 115(1), 251-256. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.015
TMR. (2017). Mining sector could see silver lining ahead. The Malaysian Reserve (TMR). Retrieved on: January 17, 2020, from https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/03/31/mining-sector-could-see-silver-lining-ahead/ Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/oxan-db251218
Toth, W., & Vacik, H. (2018). A comprehensive uncertainty analysis of the analytic hierarchy process methodology applied in the context of environmental decision making. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 25(6), 142-161. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1648
USGS. (2016). World alumina refinery and bauxite mine production and bauxite reserves by United States Geological Survey (USGS). Retrieved on: April 5, 2018, from https://www.usgs.gov/ Doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n1177
Venkateswarlu, K., Nirola, R., Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Naidu, R., & Megharaj, M. (2016). Abandoned metalliferous mines: ecological impacts and potential approaches for reclamation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio Technology, 15(2), 327–354. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-016-9398-6
Younes, M. K., Basri, N. E. A., Nopiah, Z. M., Basri, H., & Abushammala, M. F. M. (2015). Use of a combination of MRSS-ANP for making an innovative landfill siting decision model. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 501, 381926 (Online). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/381926
Abdullah, N. H., Mohamed, N., Sulaiman, L. H., Zakaria, T. A., & Rahim, D. A. (2016). Potential health impacts of bauxite mining in Kuantan. Malays Journal of Medical Science, 23(3), 1-8.
Aminu, M., Matori, A. N., Yusof, K. W., Malakahmad, A., & Zainol, R. B. (2017). Analytic network process (ANP)-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) for sustainable tourism planning in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Arab Journal of Geoscience, 10(286), 1-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3067-0
Asadabadi, M. R., Chang, E., & Saberi, M. (2019). Are MCDM methods useful? A critical review of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Cogent Engineering, 6(1), 1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1623153
Ataei, M., Asr, E. T., Khalokakaie, R., Ghanbari, K., & Mohammadi, M. R. T. (2016). Semi-quantitative environmental impact assessment and sustainability level determination of coal mining using a mathematical model. Journal of Mining & Environment, 7(2), 185-193.
Beltran, P. A., Melon, M. G., & Valera, J. M. (2017). How to assess stakeholders' in?uence in project management? A proposal based on the Analytic Network Process International Journal of Project Management, 35(3), 451-462. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.01.001
Bond, A., & Morrison, A. S. (2018). Environmental impact assessment and the quest for sustainable mining (Vol. Part 2). New York: Routledge.
Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Mining industry and sustainable development: time for change. Food and Energy Security, 6(2), 61-77.
CMO. (2016). Bauxite in Malaysia: Will the ban bring relief? by Clean Malaysia Organization (CMO). Retrieved on: December 11, 2020, from http://cleanmalaysia.com/2016/01/26
Daim, N. (2019). 6-month trial period for new Bauxite mining SOP. New Straits Times. Retrieved on: January 17, 2021, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/11/535940/6-month-trial-period-new-bauxite-mining-sop
Dell'Anna, F., Bottero, M., Becchio, C., Corgnati, S.P., & Mondini, G. (2020). Designing a decision support system to evaluate the environmental and extra-economic performances of a nearly zero-energy building. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(4), 413-442. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-09-2019-0121
DOE. (2016). EIA Order 2015 by Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia. Retrieved on: August 26, 2020, from https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en
DOSM. (2017). Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). Retrieved on: April 5, 2020, from http://www.dosm.gov.my
Faradiella, M. K., Rahman, M. S. A., Madzin, Z., Jusop, S., Yusuff, F. M., & Ariffin, M. (2016). The occurrence and potential ecological risk assessment of bauxite mine-impacted water and sediments in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 24(1), 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7814-7
Garcia, L. C., Ribeiro, D. B., Roque, F. D. O., & Quintero, J. M. O. (2016). Brazil's worst mining disaster: corporations must be compelled to pay the actual environmental costs. Ecological Applications, 27(1), 5-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1461
Hadiwijaya, N. A., Hamdani, H., Syafrianto, A., & Tanjung, Z. (2018). The decision model for selection of tourism site using analytic network process method. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications, 9(September), 23-31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2018.09.03
Hamida, A., Alsudairi, A., Alshaibani, K., & Alshamrani, O. (2020). Environmental impacts cost assessment model of residential building using an artificial neural network. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-06-2020-0450
Harun, N., & Samat, N. (2016). GIS-based multicriteria evaluation approach in planning tourism development sites in environmentally sensitive areas. SHS Web of Conferences, 23(02001), 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162302001
Huang, I. B., Keisler, J., & Linkov, I. (2011). Multi-criteria decision analysis in environmental sciences: Ten years of applications and trends. Science of the Total Environment, 409(1), 3578–3594. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.022
Jain, R. K., Cui, Z. C., & Domen, J. K. (2016). Environmental impact of mining and mineral processing. Oxford, UK Butterworth-Heinemann.
Jamal, A., Yadav, H. L., & Pandey, S. S. (2015). Heavy metals from acid mine drainage in coal mines-a case study. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2(8), 16-20.
JMG. (2018). Malaysian Minerals Production for 2016 by Minerals and Geoscience Department (JMG) Malaysia. Retrieved on: October 22, 2019, from http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/malaysia-minerals-production Doi: https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm51200501
Kadoic, N., Divjak, B., & Redep, N. B. (2019). Integrating the DEMATEL with the analytic network process for effective decision-making. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 27(3), 653–678. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-018-0601-4
Kaya, T., & Kahraman, C. (2011). An integrated fuzzy AHP–ELECTRE methodology for environmental impact assessment. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(7), 8553-8562. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.01.057
Kheybari, S., Rezaie, F. M., & Farazmand, H. (2020). Analytic network process: An overview of applications. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 367(February), 124780. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2019.124780
Lee, K. Y., Ho, L. Y., Tan, K. H., Tham, Y. Y., Ling, S. P., Qureshi, A. M., . . . Nordin, R. (2017). Environmental and occupational health impact of bauxite mining in Malaysia: a review. International Medical Journal Malaysia, 16(2), 137-150.
Leena, S., Thomas, E., Elena, K., Korchak, E., Vigdis, N., & Gregory, A. P. (2017). Social impacts of the “glocal” mining business: case studies from Northern Europe. Mineral Economics, 30(1), 31-39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-016-0092-5
Leonard, L. (2017). Examining environmental impact assessments and participation: the case of mining development in Dullstroom, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 19(1), 1750002(1-25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/s1464333217500028
Liu, K. F. R., & Lai, J.-H. (2009). Decision-support for environmental impact assessment: A hybrid approach using fuzzy logic and fuzzy analytic network process. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 5119-5136. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.06.045
Lodhia, S. K. (Ed.) (2018). Mining and sustainable development. New York: Routledge.
Louw, L. (2018). Addressing critical water and waste issues in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): the case of coal mining in South Africa. (Masters in Environmental Management). North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. (22142762).
Mahmud, A. R. (2016). Guideline on Environmental Impact Assessment in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia
Malaysiakini. (2019). Kuantan MP wants ministry to disclose SOP on Bauxite mining. Malaysiakini. Retrieved On: January 2020, from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/464783
MCOM. (2017). Malaysian Chamber of Mines (MCOM). Retrieved on: April 5, 2018 from http://malaysianminerals.com
Povera, A. (2019). Bauxite SOP finalised, enforcement starts today. New Straits Times. Retrieved on: January 17, 2020, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/518862/bauxite-sop-finalised-enforcement-starts-today-nsttv
Rohan, J. L., & Samant, J. S. (2012). Studies on the impact of bauxite mining activities on environment in Kolhapur district. Paper presented at the Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012, Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.14.4.16069
Saaty, T. L. (2005). Theory and applications of the analytic network process: decision making with benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks. Pittsburgh: RWS Publications.
Saffari, A., Ataei, M., Sereshki, F., & Naderi, M. (2019). Environmental impact assessment (EIA) by using the Fuzzy Delphi Folchi (FDF) method (case study: Shahrood cement plant, Iran). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(2), 817-860. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0063-1
Samah, M. A. A., Manaf, L. A., & Zukki, N. l. M. (2010). Application of AHP model for evaluation of solid waste treatment technology. International Journal of Engineering Techsci, 1(1), 35-40.
Sarupria, M., Manjare, S. D., & Girap, M. (2019). Environmental impact assessment studies for mining area in Goa, India, using the new approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(1), 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7135-z
Skuta, R., Kucerova, R., Pavelek, Z., & Dirner, V. (2017). Assessment of mining activities with respect to the environmental protection. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 22(1), 79-93.
Solbar, L., & Keskitalo, E. C. H. (2017). A role for authority supervision in impact assessment? Examples from Finnish EIA reviews. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 8(1), 52-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v8.661
Spiegel, S. J. (2017). EIAs, power and political ecology: Situating resource struggles and the techno-politics of small-scale mining. Geoforum, 87(December), 95-107. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.010
Thorpe, C. (2015). Lateritic plateaus in the Northern Western Ghats, India; a review of bauxite mining restoration practices. Journal of the Ecological Society, Special Section: Rocky Plateaus, 25-44.
Tian, W., Bai, J., Sun, H., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Application of the analytic hierarchy process to a sustainability assessment of coastal beach exploitation: a case study of the wind power projects on the coastal beaches of Yancheng, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 115(1), 251-256. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.015
TMR. (2017). Mining sector could see silver lining ahead. The Malaysian Reserve (TMR). Retrieved on: January 17, 2020, from https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/03/31/mining-sector-could-see-silver-lining-ahead/ Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/oxan-db251218
Toth, W., & Vacik, H. (2018). A comprehensive uncertainty analysis of the analytic hierarchy process methodology applied in the context of environmental decision making. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 25(6), 142-161. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1648
USGS. (2016). World alumina refinery and bauxite mine production and bauxite reserves by United States Geological Survey (USGS). Retrieved on: April 5, 2018, from https://www.usgs.gov/ Doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n1177
Venkateswarlu, K., Nirola, R., Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Naidu, R., & Megharaj, M. (2016). Abandoned metalliferous mines: ecological impacts and potential approaches for reclamation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio Technology, 15(2), 327–354. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-016-9398-6
Younes, M. K., Basri, N. E. A., Nopiah, Z. M., Basri, H., & Abushammala, M. F. M. (2015). Use of a combination of MRSS-ANP for making an innovative landfill siting decision model. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 501, 381926 (Online). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/381926
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